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Lactifluus deceptivus
''Lactifluus deceptivus'' (synonym ''Lactarius deceptivus''), commonly known as the deceiving milkcap, is a common species of fungus in the Russulaceae family. It is found throughout eastern North America on the ground in coniferous forests near hemlock or deciduous forests near oak, and in oak-dominated forests of Costa Rica. It produces large mushrooms with funnel-shaped caps reaching up to in diameter, on top of hard white stems that may reach long and up to thick. The gills are closely spaced together and yellowish-cream in color. When young, the cap is white in all parts, but the depressed center becomes dull brownish in age and breaks up into scales. The edge of the cap has a roll of cottony tissue that collapses as the cap expands. The surface of the stem—especially near the base—has a velvety texture. The mushroom "bleeds" a milky white acrid latex when it is cut or injured. The fruit bodies are edible, but have a bitter taste that can be removed with cooking. Similar milk-cap species with which ''L. deceptivus'' might be confused include ''Lactifluus piperatus'', ''L. pseudodeceptivus'', ''L. caeruleitinctus'', ''L. subvellereus'', ''Lactarius arcuatus'' and ''Lactarius parvulus''.
==Taxonomy==
The species was first described in the scientific literature by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1885.〔 The specific epithet ''deceptivus'' is derived from the Latin word for "deceptive".〔 The name may allude to the contrasting appearance of young and old fruit bodies.〔 It is commonly known as the "deceptive lactarius", the "deceiving lactarius",〔 or the "deceptive milkcap". In the state of Puebla, Mexico, it is known as ''oreja de chivo'', or "kid ear".〔
Following the split-off of the phylogenetically distinct genus ''Lactifluus'' from the other milk-caps in the genus ''Lactarius'',〔〔 the correct combination for the species is the one made by Otto Kuntze in 1891,〔 ''Lactifluus deceptivus''. Within the genus ''Lactifluus'', ''L. deceptivus'' is classified in the subgenus ''Lactifluus'', section ''Albati''. Characteristics of species in this section include a white or whitish immature cap that may later turn yellow-brown to cinnamon-color; white to cream-colored latex that typically has an acrid taste; a velvet-textured stem due to a cuticle made of long narrow, thick-walled hairs. Other species in this section include ''L. vellereus'' (the type species), ''L. subvellereus'', and ''L. caeruleitinctus''.〔Hesler and Smith, 1979, p. 191.〕
Based on a morphological study published in 2005, ''Lactarius tomentosomarginatus'' is considered synonymous with ''Lactifluus deceptivus''.〔 ''L. tomentosomarginatus'', described by Hesler and Smith in their 1979 monograph of North American milk-caps, was considered by them to be a "satellite species", differing from ''L. deceptivus'' on the basis of smaller spores, smaller ornamentations on the surface of the spores, crowded and forked narrow gills, and differences in the micro-structure of the cap cuticle.〔Hesler and Smith, 1979, pp. 195–97.〕
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